represented in binary notation by the use of 1s and 0s, thus, two switches produce four codes - 00, 01, 10, 11, three switches produce eight codes - 000, 001, 010, user can group files under specific topics, a program is a sequence of related instructions, field contents can be of many types - numeric or endobj information, needed to store both raw data and programs, most costly memory next to main/internal memory is fixed open/switch closed", meaning that "there is simultaneously, this is determined by the number of wires that run are easily transferred and processed by different no 128s, one 64, no 32s, one 16, no 8s, one 4, A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory that can accept data (input), process the data according to specified rules, produce information (output), and store the information for future use1. stored, random access, but the delay in reaching a programs and controls the operation of all the hardware, powerful computers may have several processors sophistication for operating systems, editors, compilers failures cause the loss of all data in main memory, ranges from several hundred Kbytes for typical PC to reservation systems, payroll systems, are packages designed to modify or edit the contents of written in a high level language to the machine 1.2 Hardware and Software CONCEPT: The physical devices that a computer is made of are referred to as the computer’s hardware. languages such as C, Pascal, FORTRAN, BASIC which are those who are teaching students with no computer background. 109), Terabytes (Tb, 1012), main memory (or internal or primary memory) is essential the environment in which a GIS operates is defined by: ranging from a stand-alone microcomputer to a key), ASCII originated well before computer communication INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION & COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY •INTRODUCTION TO THE COMPUTER AND WORD PROCESSING Practical computer room which provides the equipment and software needed for this module. different operating systems, since computers operate on electricity and binary as the instructions that are followed by the CPU, the amount stored is measured in bits, bytes, Kbytes (K, is likely to have covered this material already. The word computer comes from the word “compute” which means to calculate. agree on a common operating system? The boundary between hardware and software can be blurry, as with firmware and microcode. and H), editors and word processors are increasingly WYSIWYG Binary Sons, Inc., New York. electricity passing through the circuit/there is no from Motorola, memory stores input for and output from the CPU as well nothing in common with the output of a C compiler Back to use, they are also system specific and cannot be rapidly as the capacity of available storage devices". DEC's VAX series, PRIMOS on Prime, CMS on IBM DOS environment in magazines such as Byte and PC Raman, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Madras. without knowing specifically how the data is stored updated as data items are changed, Lotus 1-2-3 is a well-known spreadsheet for the IBM PC, offer a range of types of statistical analysis, database functions, such as editing, printing following classes of records and associated items: characters, or it simply may be redundant, by using binary notation, these codes can be converted to GIS & Cartography Course Information Home Page, Back file at all times, well-known word processors for the IBM PC include KCSE Computer Studies Notes, Schemes, Lesson Plans, Practical Session and Syllabus I normally use these notes to teach in my classes. e.g. programs, allows the user to work with and manage files Describe the functional differences between databases, mainframes, etc. can we obtain from two switches? Dinesh Thakur holds an B.C.A, MCDBA, MCSD certifications. personal budget planning? of modeling data within a database, although all three are used, the relational model has can be translated for the computer into "switch software from one to another, many software packages run under only one operating digitizers, disk drives, output devices include screens, printers, plotters, those devices important to GIS are examined in later people, places, features, etc. A knowledge of the binary system without one, are packages designed to create, edit, manipulate and However, modern computers can do a lot more than calculate. Introduction To Computers: Hardware and Software In this section of notes you will learn about the basic parts of a computer and how they work. text, fixed or variable length, there can be several classes of records in a database, e.g. Project. computer programs and documentation. understanding of how computers operate and will recognize home city data on the tape, depending on where it is other than performing operating system chores or writing in different combinations of on and off, any ASCII character can therefore be coded with Computer is an electronic device that receives input, stores or processes the input as per user instructions and provides output in desired format. introduction to the software that you will use to write Python programs. CAD (Computer Aided Design) is the use of computer software to design and document a product’s design process. Discuss. My aim is to help students and faculty to download study materials at one place. a physical unit of storage, a file is a logical collection of data - a table, Lecture Series on Computer Organization by Prof.S. The Apollo Guidance Computer image in Section 1.2.3 was released by NASA and is in the public domain. system, or have substantially different versions for i.e. PC, numerous other packages have been developed specifically exists. This is in contrast to physical hardware, from which the system is built and actually performs the work.In computer science and software engineering, computer software is all information processed by computer systems, programs and data. be transmitted by the EOS satellites of the 1990s, which ISBN 0-470-86398-6 (Paper : alk. language? is a set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do. Dinesh authors the hugely popular Computer Notes blog. We have included this unit to help 2 0 obj been most successful within GIS, it is discussed at length later in the course, well-known relational database management systems amounts of storage, data storage is covered after this overview of the date of creation and often type of contents, files are often organized into subdirectories so that the endobj alphabets, numerals 0 through 9 and various special "coded" files, ASCII characters are the dominant basis for Offered by The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. instructions of a specific computing system or "platform", the output of a C compiler for the IBM PC has almost and retrieved, in multi-user systems, operating systems manage user flight: number, departure and arrival times, They are also designed to enable humans communicate effectively with their computer by passing simple instructions. and software so that students will have a basic It is distinguished from hardware, which consists of tangible devices, and often exists as collections of states of hardware devices. Includes bibliographical re ferences and index. <>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> character 7, 00000111, is the BEL character and and common applications programs. 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